Aside from the extra network 'hop', what are the primary technical factors that contribute to the latency overhead of an API Gateway?

1. A The time spent reading and writing logs to the Gateway's internal physical hard drive.
2. B Serialization/Deserialization overhead (JSON parsing) and the cryptographic work required for SSL/TLS termination and JWT validation.
3. C The time taken to automatically back up the Gateway's configuration to the cloud every minute.
4. D The extra power consumption of the servers, which slows down the CPU frequency.